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the Tübingen School

  • 1 Баур, Фердинанд Христиан

    (1792-1860; немец. теолог и историк христ-ва; глава новотюбингенской школы ( the Tübingen School)) Baur, Ferdinand Christian

    Русско-английский словарь религиозной лексики > Баур, Фердинанд Христиан

  • 2 Тюбингенская школа

    (по наименованию университета г. Тюбингена в Германии; группа либерально-протест. теологов; главные труды Тюбингенской школы относятся к 19 в. и сосредоточены вокруг истории первоначального христ-ва; основатель профессор теологии Шторр; после 1830 была фактически центром атеизма) the Tübingen school

    Русско-английский словарь религиозной лексики > Тюбингенская школа

  • 3 in

    Präp.
    1. räumlich: (wo?) in, at; einer Stadt: in; einem kleineren Ort: auch at; (innerhalb) within; im Haus in(side) the house, indoors; im ersten Stock on the first (Am. second) floor; in der Kirche / Schule at (Am. auch in) church / school; Gebäude: in the church / school; im Theater at the theat|re (Am. auch -er); in England in England; waren Sie schon in England? have you ever been to England?; ich habe in München studiert I studied at (Am. in) Munich; im Kreis in a circle
    2. räumlich: (wohin?) into, in; in die Kirche / Schule to ( hinein: into the) church / school; in die Schweiz to Switzerland; gehen wir ins Haus let’s go indoors ( oder inside)
    3. zeitlich: in; (während) during; (innerhalb) within; Dauer: in drei Tagen in three days; in diesem / im letzten / nächsten Jahr this / last / next year; heute in acht Tagen a week (from) today; im Jahr 2003 in (the year) 2003; im ( Monat) Februar in (the month of) February; im Frühling / Herbst in (the) spring / autumn (bes. Am. fall); in der Nacht at night, during the night; in letzter Zeit lately
    4. Art und Weise: in größter Eile in a great rush; ich bin in Eile I’m in a hurry; in tiefer Trauer in Todesanzeigen: sadly missed by; wir sind in Sorge, dass... we are worried ( oder concerned) that...
    5. eine Situation bezeichnend: im Alter von at the age of; in Behandlung sein be having treatment; in Vorbereitung being prepared, in preparation, in the pipeline umg.; in einem Klub etc. sein be in a club etc., belong to a club etc.; in Biologie ist er schwach he’s not very good at biology
    6. WIRTS. in; er macht in Textilien umg. he’s in textiles ( oder in the textile business)
    —
    Adj.; nur präd.: in sein umg. be in, be the fashion
    * * *
    in; within; into; at
    * * *
    ịn [ɪn]
    1. prep → auch im, ins
    1) (räumlich) (wo? +dat) in; (innen) in(side); (wohin? +acc) in, into

    er ist Professor in St. Andrews — he is a professor at St. Andrews (University)

    in die Schule/Kirche gehen — to go to school/church

    er ist in der Schule/Kirche — he's at or in school/church

    die Heizung in der Schule/Kirche — the heating in the school/church

    2) (zeitlich: wann? +dat) in

    in diesem Jahr (laufendes Jahr) — this year; (jenes Jahr) (in) that year

    heute/morgen in acht Tagen/zwei Wochen — a week/two weeks today/tomorrow

    bis ins 18. Jahrhundert — into or up to the 18th century

    vom 16. bis ins 18. Jahrhundert — from the 16th to the 18th century

    bis ins 18. Jahrhundert zurück — back to the 18th century

    3)

    in die hunderte or Hunderte gehen — to run into (the) hundreds

    der Text/die Rechenarbeit hat es in sich (dat) (inf) — the text/the arithmetic test is a tough one

    dieser Whisky hat es in sich (dat) (inf) — this whisky packs quite a punch (inf), this whisky has quite a kick (inf)

    2. adj pred (inf)

    in sein — to be in (inf)

    * * *
    1) at
    2) (state or occupation: The countries are at war; She is at work.) at
    3) (describing the position of a thing etc which is surrounded by something else: My mother is in the house; in London; in bed.) in
    4) (showing the direction of movement: He put his hand in his pocket.) in
    5) (describing the time at, after or within which something happens: in the morning; I'll be back in a week.) in
    6) (indicating amount or relative number: They arrived in large numbers.) in
    7) (expressing circumstances, state, manner etc of an event, person etc: dressed in a brown coat; walking in the rain; in a hurry; written in English; He is in the army; books tied up in bundles; She is in her sixties.) in
    8) (describing something which is fashionable or popular: Short skirts are in at the moment.) in
    9) (to or towards the inside of; to within: The eggs were put into the box; They disappeared into the mist.) into
    10) (expressing the idea of division: Two into four goes twice.) into
    11) on
    12) (in or into (a vehicle, train etc): We were sitting on the bus; I got on the wrong bus.) on
    13) (in the state or process of: He's on holiday.) on
    14) (taking part in: He is on the committee; Which detective is working on this case?) on
    15) (into a particular state or condition: She tore the letter to pieces.) to
    16) under
    * * *
    in1
    [ɪn]
    1. +dat (darin befindlich) in
    sie wohnt \in Berlin she lives in Berlin
    bist du schon mal in New York gewesen? have you ever been to New York?
    ich arbeite seit einem Jahr \in dieser Firma I've been working for this company for a year
    er war nie \in einer Partei he has never been a member of a party
    du siehst \in diesem Kleid toll aus you look great in that dress
    es stand gestern \in der Zeitung it was in the newspaper yesterday
    \in der Kirche/Schule sein to be at church/school
    2. +akk (hin zu einem Ziel) into
    wir fahren \in die Stadt we're going into town
    er warf die Reste \in den Mülleimer he threw the leftovers in the bin
    \in die Kirche/Schule gehen to go to church/school
    \in die Mongolei/Schweiz to Mongolia/Switzerland
    \ins Theater gehen to go to the theatre
    3. +dat (innerhalb von) in
    \in einem Jahr bin ich 18 in a year I'll be 18
    \in diesem Augenblick at this moment
    \in diesem Jahr/Monat/Sommer this year/month/summer
    heute \in zwei Wochen two weeks today
    4. +akk (bis zu einer Zeit) until
    wir haben bis \in die Nacht getanzt we danced until the early hours
    bis \in das neunzehnte Jahrhundert hinein up to [or into] the nineteenth century
    bis \in jds früheste Kindheit zurück back to sb's earliest childhood
    5. +akk o dat (Verweis auf ein Objekt) at
    er ist Fachmann \in seinem Beruf he is an expert in his field
    \in Französisch haben wir eine Muttersprachlerin we have a native speaker in [or for] French
    ich habe mich \in ihm getäuscht I was wrong about him
    etw hat es \in sich sth has what it takes
    der Schnaps hat es \in sich the schnapps packs a punch, that's some schnapps!
    6. (fachspr: mit) in
    er handelt \in Textilien he deals in textiles
    7. +dat (auf eine Art und Weise) in
    haben Sie nichts \in Blau? haven't you got anything in blue?
    \in Schwierigkeiten sein [o stecken] to be in difficulties
    \in Vorbereitung sein to be being prepared
    \in Wirklichkeit in reality
    in2
    [ɪn]
    adj (fam) in fam
    ▪ \in sein to be in
    diese Musik ist gerade \in this kind of music is really in at the moment
    * * *
    I 1.
    1) (räumlich, fig.) in

    in Deutschland/der Schweiz — in Germany/Switzerland

    in der Schule/Kirche — at school/church

    in der Schule/Kirche steht noch eine alte Orgel — there's still an old organ in the school/church

    2) (zeitlich) in

    in zwei Tagen/einer Woche — in two days/a week

    [gerade] in dem Moment, als er kam — the [very] moment he came

    in diesem Jahr/Monat — this/that year/month

    3) (modal) in

    in Farbe/Schwarzweiß — in colour/black and white

    in deutsch/englisch — in German/English

    in Mathematik/Englisch — in mathematics/English

    4) in

    er hat es in sich — (ugs.) he's got what it takes (coll.)

    der Schnaps/diese Übersetzung hat es in sich — (ugs.) this schnapps packs a punch (coll.) /this translation is a tough one

    5) (Kaufmannsspr.)

    in etwas handeln — deal in something; s. auch im

    2.
    1) (räumlich, fig.) into

    in die Stadt/das Dorf — into town/the village

    in die Kirche/Schule gehen — go to church/school

    2) (zeitlich) into
    3) (fig.)

    sich in jemanden verlieben — fall in love with somebody

    in etwas einwilligen — agree or consent to something; s. auch ins

    II
    Adjektiv (ugs.)
    * * *
    in1 präp
    1. räumlich: (wo?) in, at; einer Stadt: in; einem kleineren Ort: auch at; (innerhalb) within;
    im Haus in(side) the house, indoors;
    im ersten Stock on the first (US second) floor;
    in der Kirche/Schule at (US auch in) church/school; Gebäude: in the church/school;
    im Theater at the theatre (US auch -er);
    in England in England;
    waren Sie schon in England? have you ever been to England?;
    ich habe in München studiert I studied at (US in) Munich;
    im Kreis in a circle
    2. räumlich: (wohin?) into, in;
    in die Kirche/Schule to ( hinein: into the) church/school;
    in die Schweiz to Switzerland;
    gehen wir ins Haus let’s go indoors ( oder inside)
    3. zeitlich: in; (während) during; (innerhalb) within; Dauer:
    in drei Tagen in three days;
    in diesem/im letzten/nächsten Jahr this/last/next year;
    heute in acht Tagen a week (from) today;
    im Jahr 2003 in (the year) 2003;
    im (Monat) Februar in (the month of) February;
    im Frühling/Herbst in (the) spring/autumn (besonders US fall);
    in der Nacht at night, during the night;
    in größter Eile in a great rush;
    ich bin in Eile I’m in a hurry;
    wir sind in Sorge, dass … we are worried ( oder concerned) that …
    im Alter von at the age of;
    in Behandlung sein be having treatment;
    in Vorbereitung being prepared, in preparation, in the pipeline umg;
    sein be in a club etc, belong to a club etc;
    in Biologie ist er schwach he’s not very good at biology
    6. WIRTSCH in;
    er macht in Textilien umg he’s in textiles ( oder in the textile business)
    in2 adj; nur präd:
    in sein umg be in, be the fashion
    Küper m; -s, -, in f; -, -nen; nordd
    1. (Böttcher) cooper
    2. obs (Warenkontrolleur) etwa port inspector
    * * *
    I 1.
    1) (räumlich, fig.) in

    in Deutschland/der Schweiz — in Germany/Switzerland

    in der Schule/Kirche — at school/church

    in der Schule/Kirche steht noch eine alte Orgel — there's still an old organ in the school/church

    in zwei Tagen/einer Woche — in two days/a week

    [gerade] in dem Moment, als er kam — the [very] moment he came

    in diesem Jahr/Monat — this/that year/month

    3) (modal) in

    in Farbe/Schwarzweiß — in colour/black and white

    in deutsch/englisch — in German/English

    in Mathematik/Englisch — in mathematics/English

    4) in

    er hat es in sich — (ugs.) he's got what it takes (coll.)

    der Schnaps/diese Übersetzung hat es in sich — (ugs.) this schnapps packs a punch (coll.) /this translation is a tough one

    5) (Kaufmannsspr.)

    in etwas handeln — deal in something; s. auch im

    2.
    1) (räumlich, fig.) into

    in die Stadt/das Dorf — into town/the village

    in die Kirche/Schule gehen — go to church/school

    2) (zeitlich) into
    3) (fig.)

    in etwas einwilligen — agree or consent to something; s. auch ins

    II
    Adjektiv (ugs.)
    * * *
    (... hinein) präp.
    into prep. (hellen) Scharen ausdr.
    in droves expr. (nach) Übersee adj.
    overseas adj. adj.
    on adj. präp.
    at prep.
    in prep.
    into prep.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > in

  • 4 Schickhard(t), Wilhelm

    [br]
    b. 22 April 1592 Herrenberg, Stuttgart, Germany
    d. 24 October 1635 Tübingen, Germany
    [br]
    German polymath who described, and apparently built, a calculating "clock", possibly the first mechanical adding-machine.
    [br]
    At an early age Schickhard won a scholarship to the monastery school at Tübingen and then progressed to the university, where he obtained his BA and MA in theology in 1609 and 1611, respectively. He then specialized in oriental languages and eventually became Professor of Hebrew, Oriental Languages, Mathematics, Astronomy and Geography at Tübingen. Between 1613 and 1619 he was also deacon or pastor to a number of churches in the area. In 1617 he met Johannes Kepler, who, impressed by his ability, asked him to draw up tables of figures for his Harmonica Mundi (1619). As a result of this, Schickhard designed and constructed a mechanical adding-machine that he called a calculating clock. This he described in a letter of 20 September 1623 to Kepler, but a subsequent letter of 25 February 1624 reported its destruction by fire. After his death, probably from bubonic plague, his papers and the letter to Kepler were discovered in the regional library in Stuttgart in 1930 by Franz Hamme, who described them to the 1957 Mathematical Congress. As a result, a Dr Baron von Freytag Lovinghoff, who was present at that meeting, built a reconstruction of Schickard's machine in 1960.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    F.Hamme, 1958, "Nicht Pascal sondern der Tübingen Prof. Wilhelm Schickhard erfund die Rechenmaschin", Buromarkt 20:1,023 (describes the papers and letter to Kepler).
    B.von F.Lovinghoff, 1964, "Die erste Rechenmaschin: Tübingen 1623", Humanismus und
    Technik 9:45.
    ——1973, "Wilhelm Schickhard und seine Rechenmaschin von 1625", in M.Graef (ed.), 350 Jahre Rechenmaschin.
    M.R.Williams, 1985, History of Computing Technology, London: Prentice-Hall.
    See also: Pascal, Blaise
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Schickhard(t), Wilhelm

  • 5 Poelzig, Hans

    [br]
    b. 1869 Berlin, Germany
    d. June 1936 Berlin, Germany
    [br]
    German teacher and practising architect, the most notable individualistic exponent of the German Expressionist movement in the modern school.
    [br]
    In the last decade of the nineteenth century and in the first of the twentieth, Poelzig did not, like most of his colleagues in Germany and Austria, follow the Jugendstil theme or the eclectic or fundamentalist lines: he set a path to individualism. In 1898 he began a teaching career at the Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland) Academy of Arts and Crafts, remaining there until 1916. He early introduced workshop practice into the curriculum, presaging Gropius's Bauhaus ideas by many years; the school's workshop produced much of the artisan needs for a number of his buildings. From Breslau Poelzig moved to Dresden, where he was appointed City Architect. It was there that he launched his Expressionist line: which was particularly evident in the town hall and concert hall in the city. The structure for which Poelzig is best known and with which his name will always be associated is the Großes Schauspielhaus in Berlin; he had returned to his native city after the First World War and this great theatre was his first commission there. Using modern materials, he created a fabulous interior to seat 5,000 spectators. It was in the form of a vast amphitheatre with projecting stage and with the curving area roofed by a cavernous, stalactited dome, the Arabic-style stalactites of which were utilized by Poelzig for acoustic purposes. In the 1920s Poelzig went on to design cinemas, a field for which Expressionism was especially suited; these included the Capitol Cinema in Berlin and the Deli in Breslau. For his later industrial commissions—for example, the administrative building for the chemical firm I.G.Far ben in Frankfurt—he had perforce to design in more traditional modern manner.
    Poelzig died in 1936, which spared him, unlike many of his contemporaries, the choice of emigrating or working for National Socialism.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Dennis Sharp, 1966, Modern Architecture and Expressionism, Longmans.
    Theodor Heuss, 1966, Hans Poelzig: Lebensbild eines Baumeister, Tübingen, Germany: Wunderlich.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Poelzig, Hans

  • 6 Braun, Karl Ferdinand

    [br]
    b. 6 June 1850 Fulda, Hesse, Germany
    d. 20 April 1918 New York City, New York, USA
    [br]
    German physicist who shared with Marconi the 1909 Nobel Prize for Physics for developments in wireless telegraphy; inventor of the cathode ray oscilloscope.
    [br]
    After obtaining degrees from the universities of Marburg and Berlin (PhD) and spending a short time as Headmaster of the Thomas School in Berlin, Braun successively held professorships in theoretical physics at the universities of Marburg (1876), Strasbourg (1880) and Karlsruhe (1883) before becoming Professor of Experimental Physics at Tübingen in 1885 and Director and Professor of Physics at Strasbourg in 1895.
    During this time he devised experimental apparatus to determine the dielectric constant of rock salt and developed the Braun high-tension electrometer. He also discovered that certain mineral sulphide crystals would only conduct electricity in one direction, a rectification effect that made it possible to detect and demodulate radio signals in a more reliable manner than was possible with the coherer. Primarily, however, he was concerned with improving Marconi's radio transmitter to increase its broadcasting range. By using a transmitter circuit comprising a capacitor and a spark-gap, coupled to an aerial without a spark-gap, he was able to obtain much greater oscillatory currents in the latter, and by tuning the transmitter so that the oscillations occupied only a narrow frequency band he reduced the interference with other transmitters. Other achievements include the development of a directional aerial and the first practical wavemeter, and the measurement in Strasbourg of the strength of radio waves received from the Eiffel Tower transmitter in Paris. For all this work he subsequently shared with Marconi the 1909 Nobel Prize for Physics.
    Around 1895 he carried out experiments using a torsion balance in order to measure the universal gravitational constant, g, but the work for which he is probably best known is the addition of deflecting plates and a fluorescent screen to the Crooke's tube in 1897 in order to study the characteristics of high-frequency currents. The oscilloscope, as it was called, was not only the basis of a now widely used and highly versatile test instrument but was the forerunner of the cathode ray tube, or CRT, used for the display of radar and television images.
    At the beginning of the First World War, while in New York to testify in a patent suit, he was trapped by the entry of the USA into the war and remained in Brooklyn with his son until his death.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Physics (jointly with Marconi) 1909.
    Bibliography
    1874, "Assymetrical conduction of certain metal sulphides", Pogg. Annal. 153:556 (provides an account of the discovery of the crystal rectifier).
    1897, "On a method for the demonstration and study of currents varying with time", Wiedemann's Annalen 60:552 (his description of the cathode ray oscilloscope as a measuring tool).
    Further Reading
    K.Schlesinger \& E.G.Ramberg, 1962, "Beamdeflection and photo-devices", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 50, 991.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Braun, Karl Ferdinand

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